![]() ![]() The Reynolds number is a dimensionless ratio that standardizes aeronautical testing based on size, windspeed, viscosity, and density. The issue of scale was minimised by designing wings that overlapped with the Reynolds numbers of soaring bird wings. ![]() The design criteria for this study were influenced by challenges of scale and the complex morphology of living systems. Advantages of UAVs for such applications can include a reduced human exposure to danger, increased cost effectiveness, and greater deployability. This work is specifically devised to improve upon high-lift and high-manoeuvrability flight of drones in disaster and reconnaissance situations. The primary purpose of this research was to create a wing design based on avian and whale characteristics that results in overall performance improvements in lift, drag, and stall angle. However, smaller drones without expansive fuel storage or lavish budgets are struggling to become reliable, maneuverable, and efficient. Large fixed-wing UAVs can now fly at speeds of up to 70 meters per second and travel up to 40 kilometers in distance. Fixed-wing aircraft generally exhibit an advantage to rotor-based drones in terms of overall fuel efficiency and maximum flight distance, yet come with a unique set of challenges (Di Luca, M., Mintchev, S., Heitz, G., Noca, F., and Floreano, D., 2017). In recent years small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have begun to emerge as an indispensable tool in many industries, particularly in disaster relief (Winslow, Otsuka, Govindarajan, & Chopra, 2018). These two beneficial modifications could be combined in future work, with the eventual application to unmanned fixed-wing drones for disaster relief and reconnaissance. A sinusoidal wing with leading edge ‘tubercles’ also delayed stall and displayed more consistent lift performance at both windspeeds. Results showed that an interpolated avian airfoil design improves lift performance, delays stall, and exhibits the highest efficiency at an optimal angle of attack. In addition to a control wing, three designs were based on the unique evolutionary adaptations of birds and whales: modifications were incorporated to create an avian airfoil, an avian blended winglet design, and sinusoidal protrusions inspired by cetacean morphology. Four biomimetic wings were designed, 3D printed, and tested in order to determine superior lift, drag, efficiency, and stall performance. ![]()
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